Droit Des Organisations Internationales

rme pour l’UE. Elle n est en tous cas pas transposable pour l’ensemble des pays (excédents trop importants induisent des bulles spéculatives)

Comparaison des poids de l’industries française et allemande

Tableau 1 : le secteur industriel manufacturier dans le PIB et son taux de marge : Poids en 2008 30.0 28.4 26.0 26.0 23.1 22.4 20.8 18.6 17.7 16.0 16.0 Evolution cumulée Taux marge1 Evolution 2000-2008 en 2007 taux de marge +16.5 34.9 +9.1 +47.4 49.0 0.0 +32.4 44.5 +4.7 +32.5 39.3 +1.4 -3.1 41.0 -3.6 +13.1 +7.0 38.2 +2.5 +6.2 41.5 +1.5 +10.5 43.7 +3.2 -2.5 27.8 -1.2 +4.3 28.7 -5.4

Allemagne Finlande Autriche Suède Italie Zone Euro Belgique Espagne Pays Bas Royaume-Uni France

1 Taux de marge : EBE/VA au coût des facteurs en %.

Source : Eurostat, OCDE, Etats généraux de l’industrie, 2010.

1) Since 2000, German growth is characterised by the improvement of its industrial potential contrary to France. 2) French industrial margin rate is declining so future

Tableau 2 : Poids des exportations de biens en % du PIB

Intra EU 2008 Evolution 2000-2008 25.1 +6.4 19.9 -3.9 31.4 +5.0 22.4 +1.2 13.9 +0.4 68.1 +8.1 12.2 -2.3 57.4 +8.4 9.8 -1.7 13.7 -2.3 Extra EU 2008 Evolution 2000-2008 14.5 +4.3 15.7 +1.7 12.1 +3.2 14.9 +0.9 9.7 +1.3 19.8 +2.1 5.4 +0.1 15.3 +4.0 7.4 -0.4 7.8 -1.1

Total 2008 39.5% 35.6% 43.5% 37.3% 23.6% 87.9% 17.6% 72.7% 17.2% 21.5%

Allemagne Finlande Autriche Suède Italie Belgique Espagne Pays-Bas Royaume-Uni France

Source : Commission Européenne, DG Economie et Finances

1) French exports of industrial goods have declined while German ones have raised. 2) French large firms have offshored industrial production on a much larger scale

Tableau 3 Aides publiques et financement privé de la R&D, 2008. Dépenses en R&D totales en % du Pourcentage R&D financée par PIB gouvernement 1,85 33,5 3,60 24,4 3,47 24,1 2,56 35,6 2,55 27,6 2,54 27,8 2,08 38,4 1,87 24,7 1,79 29,3 1,70 36,2 1,27 42,5 1,13 48,3

EU27 Suède Finlande Autriche Danemark Allemagne France Belgique Royaume-Uni Pays-Bas Espagne Italie

Dépenses publiques R&D totales en % du PIB 0,62 0,88 0,84 0,91 0,7 0,71 0,8 0,46 0,52 0,62 0,54 0,55

Note: Les données sur le % R&D financé par le gouvernement correspondent à la dernière année disponible pour chaque pays. Source : Commission Européenne, State Aid scoreboard, , DG Concurrence

1) Both Germany and France invest in knowledgeeconomy 2) German public and private expenditures in R&D are more decentralized and SME oriented than in France.

2- The integration-architecture of

services and industry plays a central role in economic growth • Analysis of French macroeconomic data suggest investments in ICTs infrastructure and services are not sufficient to maintain a high economic growth rate.

• Productivity growth rates are still important in the industrial sector and the combination of organizational changes with ICTs is crucial. • France and Germany seem to exploit differently the integration-architecture of services and industry

21-A German industry-service architecture more oriented towards Complex Products and Systems (CoPS).

• Industrial firms manage services as an extension of their identified historical product market. • The industrial firm remains the leader in the architecture and services are managed in order to differentiate industrial products

the process is to capture value added in the

design and manufacturing of CoPS which meet the criteria of demand • High R&D at the product level, quite well defined trajectory (e.g. green products) market still are quite well defined by the industrial product with standard supply and demand mechanism. • In case of crisis, flexibility is supported by services

German model:

vertical integration is connected with networks of SME.

Verticalized lead firm

Verticalized lead firm

Manu facturing

Sales

22-A French industry-service architecture more oriented towards Integrated Solutions

• • Recent studies in the French context draw attention to the economics of usages: idea of a 'creative synthesis'. The Knowledge Intensive Services Supplier (KISS) becomes the leader in the architecture and services are designed in order to satisfy specific needs.

the process is to capture value added in the design of integrated solutions which meet the needs of various users

• The notion of product which defines the perimeter of the market is replaced by the solution to functional needs In case of crisis, flexibility is supported by manufacturing

•

French model: complex interactions between client organizations and Knowledge Intensive Services Suppliers (KISS)

KISS A Turn-Key Supplier

KISS B

Manu facturing

Sales

23- From CoPS to CoSS

•The complexity of a CoPS (Complex Products and Systems) lies in the number of its components, the diversity of the materials and information inputs, the degree to which systems and sub-systems are client-tailored, and the complexity of the system’s architecture (aeronautical and defense industries ) •We suggest to call CoSS (Complex Solutions and Systems) a complex system more oriented towards integrated solutions. The solutions are integrated because the delivery of services embody several products and is supported by ICTs.

•The development of CoSS has been

What about knowledge?

•

Component knowledge is knowledge about each sub- system or component. Architectural knowledge is knowledge about the integration of the different sub-systems or components.

•

•

Both kinds of knowledge are required in CoPS and CoSS but

-architectural knowledge is more heavily based on component knowledge in CoPS -architectural knowledge is more heavily based on the capacity to integrate Usages/Services/Products in CoSS

Complex Products and Systems (CoPS) •Architecture more Character integral istics •System integration is product-based •Services as “variable costs” Productio •Hierarchical n •Networks of vertically integrated firms

Complex Solutions and Systems (CoSS) •Architecture more modular (standardization of interfaces) •System integration is solutionbased •Manufacturing as “variable costs” •Shared outsourced manufacturing capacity •Modular networks

Markets

•Barriers to entry based on product innovation and productive capacity •Demand and Supply remain quite independent •Market defined by the product

•Barriers to entry based on knowledge and design of solutions •Highly user specific demand •Interplay between users and suppliers to define Market

•Knowledge Intensive Solution Supplier

Lead •Industrial product based System prime contactor Integrator s (LSI)

Core •Capabilities to adapt uses •Capabilities to translate uses in Capabiliti to technological integrated solutions es of LSI specifications of products (usages/services/products) •Component and Knowledg architectural K e of LSI •Machinery and human (K) resources embodied K •Architectural K and absorptive capacities •Human resources and ICTs embodied K

3- La contrainte des pays émergents: le cas de la chine La chine a également subit la crise mondiale. Elle a fait face avec un grand plan de relance et a retrouvé dès le printemps 2010 un taux de croissance à 2 chiffre. La taille et le dynamisme de cette économie émergente est de nature à modifier profondément la mondialisation. Son modèle de croissance pourrait changer dans les années à venir.

31-Aspects commerciaux et industriels

La chine est devenue le premier fournisseur de l’Europe, l’Europe est le deuxième fournisseur de la chine. En dix ans la chine est passé de 3% à 12% de parts de marché dans le commerce mondial. Cette hausse se s’est opérée au détriment de la zone euro (-3 points) , France (-2 points) et des Etats-Unis (-4points). Il en résulte une forte désindustriualisation particlierement en France et aux EU.

La chine s’ est placée au centre du système de segmentation des processus de production en Asie.

Une intégration productive