New Zealand, Geography and History.

New Zealand

Geography and History :

New Zealand = 4.5 millions of habitants ( small population)

Capital is = Wellington ( because its more centurally located between the two big islands – North island & South island).

Name NZ closest neighbour apart from australia = Caledonia.

3 hours of fly between australia & NZ and two thousand of kilometers.

Wellington is a tiny city with 200 000 habitants.

Kilometers between france & N.Z= 19 000

Auckland is the largest city in new zealand with 1.5 millions of habitants.

Different between the two countries= Kia Ora, important given to the coulture of the native  population.

There is an offical policy of Biculturalism in New zealand.

Maori name for NZ = Aotearoa

Both country have a flag , Queen Elizabeth represented by a governor general in both coutries. N-Z has much in common with australia.

N Z is sometimes referred to Australia seven states. At the time of federation N Z could have become one state of australia but they decided to remain indipendent.

You have a lot of export between the two countries, trade arrangements, export of fruits.

Australia is the main trading partner of N Z.

The labour Market is mobil too, citizens of n z in australia can live and work freely in both countries.

They have talk about sharing a curruncy but its never happend, so in australia you have australian dollar, and in n z you have n z dollar.

They sharing a common history because basically n z wouldn't have been colonized if N Z haven't been set up.

They share a military history = they was together in wars.

The weather is cold. South new zealand= In summer it is 20-24 degrees. In winter = 2 – 10 degrees.

South eats= is west. The eastern plain are dry and drought.

In North n z = it can be hot & humit in summer. Snow is common.

So New Zealand isn't a good place for farming.

It's not a population crowded ( entrassé ). There is a lot space between them.

1. Since the arrival of people around 1000 years ago, 2 third of forest have disappeard,  and large number of bird species,  ( ex = KiWI → bird → symbol of the country).

There are volcanos ( one active). There are a lot of earthquakes in NZ.

The last uninhabited land :

The people which habitated here, to survive fishing, growing vegetables, or hanting big bird like the MOA which is extinct.

Pre-European Organisation :

• Tribes : Iwi ( tribes)

• hapu ( clans or descent groups) → his role is to protect the land
• one more whanau ( extended families)

• Land protected by the Hapu  

      -warfare

The arrival of Euorpeans :

• Abel Tasman : 1642 Niew Zealand
• James Cook : 1769 → naturalist

New South West and the end of isolation  ( for NZ) :

• Missionaries
• Sealers and whalers ---> bases along the coasts
• Exports of flax and timber ( plants) → representative ---> James Busby in 1832.

William Hobson was sent in 1839 government to establish a colony in NZ  by making a treaty with the natives/maori . In febrary 1840 representatives of the british government and a large member of Maori shives met to sign the treaty in the Bay of island.  . This treaty was called =

The British Treaty of Waitangi → signed in 1840

There was lot of issues with this treaty, lot of misunderstanding, but the idea was thr shives whi signed one thing to the Queen and in exchange they became British subject and the posession of the land was garanteed.

New Zealand Wars :

• 1845-1872 : it explained by the arrivals of europeans
• Punishment : → land confiscation
• Population : 1858 : 59,000 europeans

between 1800 and 1860 : Maoris from 100.00 to 56.000,

• after the war= they became a minority

The changing country :

• 1852 : government set up
• 1867 : Maori men granted limited voting rights
• 1893 : women allowed to vote
• 1899 : old age pensions
• 1907 : national child welfare programme

Earning a living :

• « most english » of british colonies
• 1947 : independence from britain
• Britain = NZ largest export market
• 1970s UK joins the EEC

NZ need to find new partners and new industries

australia

The road to biculturalism :

After Waitangi :

• The non -Maori population quickly outnumbered Maori population
• Confiscation of land
• British culture = is dominant

Early 20 th century :

They have rights :

• votes
• own members of Parliament
• played rugby
• fought in wars
• intermarried with other New Zealanders

Distinctives traditions

• Marae

1950 s & 1960 s :

• Migration of Maori → city
• Process of Assimilation

Maori language discouraged in schools and workplaces

Pepper potting

• The hunn Report ( 1960)

1972 = Maori language petition

1975 = The Maori land March ( protest march from one hand of the north island to the other to express, at the loss of Maori Land).

1975 = Waitangi Tribunal ( name given to the organisation set up to hear claims of violations of the treaty)

1995 = Queen Elizabeth apologise for invading Maori land.

Biculturalism :

• 1981 = Donna Awatere → Maori Sovereignty → term biculturalism appears
• One nation/ two peoples
• Own institutions ( schools, social services)

biculturalism is public life :

• 1987= Maori → official langage → OFFICIAL texts translated
• Education
• Radio & TV channels
• Agenices → Maori names
• Powhiri (welcoming ceremony)

Defending Maori culture :

• Intellectual property rights

Haka (traditonal war dance) & Moko ( tatoo) women are traditionnaly tattoed on the chin & men on the face

• Ka Mate Haka

Politics :

1867 : 4 electorates for Maori

1967 : Maori could stand in general electorates

1975 : Maori voters → enrol either Maori roll or general roll

2004 : Maori party :

• 2005 : 4 seats
• 2008 : 5 setas
• 2011 : 3 seats
• 2014 : 2 seats
• 2017 : 0 seats

2017 : 29 Mps of Maori descent ( out of a total of 12)

POLITICAL PARTIES :

National Party ( 56 seats)--> right -wing party. Name of the femal Prime Minister of National party--> Jenny Shipley

Labour Party (49 seats) → left -wing party. Name of the femal Prime Minister of Labour party = Helen Clark

New zealand first party (9 seats) → extrem right-wing party

Green party (8 seats)

Act party (1 seat)

Elections are held in NZ everey three years.

1916 → Labour party

1936--> national

1990 → the green

1993 → new zealand first party

NZ Politics :

• Head of government = Prime Minister
• Head of state : Queen represented by a Governor general
• Parliament = 1 chamber
• Mixed Member  proportional → voting system

Indicators of inequality :

Infant mortality rates → 7.0

1. % → of maori scholl Leavers held the minimum qualification of National Certificate of Educational Achievement Level 2.

9.1% → Bachelors

in 2012 → unemployment rate for Maori--> 14.80%

in 2012 → unemployment rate for pacific people → 16%

Pacific identity:

Composition of population in nz in 2013 : 75% of europeans & environ 15% of maori.

NZ still insist on its specific identity.

Forein aid :

The NZ Aid Programme has a Pacific focus and global reach.

Opposing french nuclear testing in 1995.

Supporting independence = fight with peace ( life for West Papua)

Main trade Partners : ( for good & serives, imports, exports)